We use * and ** to highlight results that are individually considered statistically signficant (* denotes p < 0.05, and ** denotes p < 0.001, for the null hypothesis that there is no correlation in either direction). Please note that since we present the results for many correlations, it is highly probable that the null hypothesis is true for some of the results marked with *, as it denotes that the probability that there is no real correlation is at most 1/20, while we present far more than 20 results. The null hypothesis may also be true for one or two of the results marked with **.
To avoid population becoming a confounding variable, we have normalized all variables by their population (if not already presented on a per capita basis). Otherwise, we would expect to see more cases, more deaths, etc., in countries with higher populations, and would expect to see positive correlations with any variables that themselves correlation with population.
Correlation measures the degree to which the data for two variables are
linearly related.
Causation is the act or process of causing a change in the value of
another variable.
Causation implies correlation, not the other way around.